LAB X3: HARDNESS REMOVAL
LAB X3: HARDNESS REMOVAL
Questions
1. What amount of Ca(OH)2 is needed in mg/L as CaCO3, and what amount of Na2CO3 is needed in mg/L as CaCO3 to meet the requirements in Table 2 given the information provided in Table 3?
2. Based on this experiment what is one additional step needed to make this water suitable for human consumption?
3. What was the percentage removal of total hardness, calcium and magnesium during this process?
4. How close did the treatment process come to the practical limits of reduction of hardness to about 30 mg/L and 10 mg/L as CaCO3 for Ca and Mg respectively?
5. Assume that your untreated water sample is representative of the hardness of all potable water distributed by the City of Tampa. The Tippin Water Treatment Facility processes about 59 million gallons of water per day, per FAQ on www.tampagov.net/dept_Water website. Based on your calculations in
Procedure steps 1.a. and 1.b., how many metric tons (1 tonne = 1000 kg) of Ca(OH)2(s) and of Na2CO3(s) would be required per day to soften all the water for the city coming out of the Tippin plant?
6. Summarize the water softening treatment method used by a firm where you live. Use Tampa if you don’t have any. Include name of company, website, and description of process.
DETAILED ASSIGNMENT
