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Question 1

1 / 1 pts

“Survival of the fittest” may be a misleading phrase to describe the process of evolution by natural selection, because:

 

Reproductive success, on its own, does not necessarily guarantee evolution

 

 

It is impossible to determine the fittest individuals in nature

 

 

Natural variation in a population is generally too great to be influenced by differential survival

 

 

Survival matters less to natural selection than does reproductive success

 

 

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

Is the following description of how giraffes evolved long necks reasonable based on the ideas of evolution by transformation?

Giraffes have long necks because they needed to reach food high in the trees. Each individual giraffe stretched to reach the highest leaves possible and developed a longer neck. Over many generations the population of giraffes had a longer and longer average neck length.

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

Prokaryotes are classified into _________ domain(s).

 

5

 

 

1

 

 

3

 

 

2

 

 

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

Thousands (or even tens of thousands) of different traits make up an individual. For this reason:

 

Knowing a person’s phenotype is insufficient for determining his or her genotype

 

The environment must influence more than half of our traits

 

 

All genes must be pleiotropic

 

 

In a species with 23 different chromosomes, some traits must be coded for by genes on the same chromosome

 

 

Question 5

1 / 1 pts

In a set of classic experiments performed in the early 1950s , Urey and Miller subjected an experimental system composed of H2, CH4 (methane), NH3 (ammonia), and water to electrical sparks. A few days later, they found in their system:

 

Cells

 

 

DNA

 

 

Amino Acids

 

 

Microspheres

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 6

0 / 1 pts

Which of these is most closely related according to the below figure?

 

1. neanderthalisand H. habilis

 

1. habilis and H. sapiens

 

1. floresiensis and H. erectus

 

Australopithecus and H. floresiensis

 

Question 7

1 / 1 pts

Crossing over ______________.

 

Occurs during mitosis and is when genes inherited from one parent switch places with genes from another parent

 

 

Occurs during mitosis and is the main reason offspring of asexual reproduction are genetically identical

 

 

Occurs during meiosis and is the main reason offspring of asexual reproduction are genetically identical

 

 

Occurs during meiosis and is when genes inherited from one parent switch places with genes from another parent

 

 

Question 8

1 / 1 pts

Which of these is not one of the domains of life?

 

Eukarya

 

 

Archaea

 

 

Protista

 

 

Bacteria

 

 

Question 9

1 / 1 pts

In a pedigree, a circle with a square that is shaded refers to ______________.

 

A female with a trait of interest

 

 

A male that does not have the trait of interest

 

 

A male with a trait of interest

 

 

A female that does not have the trait of interest

 

 

Question 10

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following scenarios would best facilitate adaptive radiation?

 

A population of cheetahs goes through an event in which all genetic diversity in the population is wiped out

 

 

A population of birds becomes stranded on an island archipelago

 

 

Darker colored moths have a selective advantage over lighter-colored moths due to industrial soot on trees

 

 

A population of birds native to an island archipelago is forced to relocate to the mainland by a storm

 

 

Question 11

1 / 1 pts

The mass extinction that occurred on earth 65 million years ago was immediately followed by:

 

The rise of the reptiles, including the dinosaurs

 

 

the emergence of the first non-photosynthetic organisms

 

 

The rapid divergence and radiation of modern mammals

 

 

The rise of archaea

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 12

0 / 1 pts

Many biologists do not consider viruses to be alive. Which of the following characteristics of viruses leads to this conclusion?

 

Viruses are unable to reproduce on their own

 

 

All of these

 

 

Viruses do not respond to external stimuli

 

 

Viruses lack a metabolic system

 

 

Question 13

1 / 1 pts

A woman with type B blood and a man with type A blood could have children with which of the following phenotypes?

 

A, B, or O only

 

 

AB or O only

 

 

AB only

 

 

A, B, AB, or O

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 14

0 / 1 pts

The biological species concept doesn’t work for ________.

 

Asexually reproducing organisms or fossils

 

 

Humans

 

 

Asexually reproducing organisms

 

 

Fossils

 

 

Question 15

1 / 1 pts

For each cell that undergoes meiosis what is the final outcome?

 

Two genetically unique cells

 

 

Four genetically identical cells

 

 

Four genetically unique cells

 

 

Two genetically identical cells

 

 

Question 16

1 / 1 pts

What can be concluded from comparing differences in molecular biology among different species?

 

Birds are more closely related to humans than dogs are

 

 

Extremely different species are fundamentally unrelated in any way

 

 

Only DNA sequences can be used to compare species’ relatedness

 

Genetic similarities and differences demonstrate species relatedness

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 17

0 / 1 pts

Phylogenetic trees should be viewed as:

 

True genealogical relationships among species

 

 

Representation of allopatric speciation events

 

 

Intellectual exercises, not to be interpreted literally

 

 

Hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

 

 

Question 18

1 / 1 pts

The following explanation of evolution of flight in bats doesn’t demonstrate a proper understanding of evolution by natural selection. Why not?

Bats would be better adapted if they had wings, so gradually they developed them. Bats in each generation had better wings than their parents did.

 

Future generations would not have better wings, on average, than their parents

 

 

Evolution happens suddenly, not gradually

 

 

Traits do not evolve because they would be useful, random mutations are needed

 

 

Natural selection only works in small populations and the bat population is large

 

 

Question 19

1 / 1 pts

When a small group of individuals colonizes a new habitat, an evolutionary event is likely to occur, because:

 

Gene flow increases

 

 

Small founding populations are rarely genetically representative of the initial population

 

 

New environments tend to be inhospitable, reducing survival there

 

 

Members of a small population have reduced rates of mating

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 20

0 / 1 pts

Using a light microscope , it is easiest to see chromosomes:

 

During asexual reproduction

 

 

During interphase, when they are concentrated in the nucleus

 

 

During mitosis and meiosis , because the condensed chromosomes are thicker and therefore more prominent

 

 

During interphase, because they are uncoiled and more linear

 

 

Question 21

1 / 1 pts

Most genes come in alternative forms called:

 

Alleles

 

 

Chromosomes

 

 

Heterozygotes

 

 

Gametes

 

 

Question 22

1 / 1 pts

All of the offspring of a black hen and a white rooster are gray. The simplest explanation for this pattern of inheritance is:

 

Sex linkage

 

 

Incomplete heterozygosity

 

 

Multiple alleles

 

 

Incomplete dominance

 

 

Question 23

1 / 1 pts

What biological sex will an individual with an XXXY karyotype be?

 

Both

 

 

Female

 

 

Neither

 

 

Male

 

 

Question 24

1 / 1 pts

In a plant species, purple flowers are dominant to white. What will the phenotypes be in the offspring of the following cross: PP x Pp?

 

3/4 purple, 1/4 white flowers

 

 

All Pp

 

 

All purple flowers

 

 

All light purple flowers

 

 

Question 25

1 / 1 pts

If you are crossing two peas – Rr x rr – where R is a round pea and r is a wrinkled pea:

What fraction of the offspring will be round? Is “round” the genotype or the phenotype?

 

0 genotype

 

 

All phenotype

 

 

1/2 phenotype

 

 

All genotype

 

 

Question 26

1 / 1 pts

The following explanation of the evolution of flight in bats doesn’t demonstrate a proper understanding of natural selection – why not?

The rodent-like ancestors of bats kept stretching their skin and arms while jumping from tree branch to tree branch because that would help them glide better and jump farther. Gradually, through the continued use of their arms in this way, they developed wings.

 

It would be impossible for bats to evolve from rodent-like ancestors

 

 

Stretching their arms will not cause a genetic change, so this trait can not be passed on to offspring

 

 

Gliding and flying are different and one could not lead to the other

 

 

Question 27

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is true?

 

Both genetic drift and gene flow require population size to be small in order to impact the allele frequencies

 

 

With the founder effect individuals are leaving one population to begin a new population elsewhere

 

 

With the founder effect, individuals are moving from one existing population to another

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 28

0 / 1 pts

In the figure below what is the most recent common ancestor between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens?

 

Australopithecus

 

1. heidelbergensis

 

1. neanderthalensis

 

1. floresiensis

 

Question 29

1 / 1 pts

Asexual Reproduction __________________

 

Involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically identical

 

 

Involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically unique

 

 

Involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical

 

 

Involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique

 

 

Question 30

1 / 1 pts

Pea plants were well suited for Mendel’s breeding experiments for all of the following reasons except:

 

Pea plants exhibit variations in an umber of observable characteristics, such as flower color and seed shape.

 

 

Pea plants have a particularly long generation time

 

 

Mendel could control the pollination between different pea plants

 

 

It is easy to obtain large numbers of offspring from any given cross

 

 

Question 31

1 / 1 pts

Selecting for increased starvation resistance in fruit flies:

 

Has little effect, because ongoing mutation counteracts any benefits from selection

 

 

Cannot increase their survival time, because there is no genetic variation for this trait

 

 

Has no effect, because starvation resistance is not a trait that influences fruit flies’ fitness

 

Can produce populations in which the average time to death from starvation is 160 hours

 

 

Question 32

1 / 1 pts

A karyotype of one of your skin cells would reveal a total of 46 chromosomes. How many of these are maternally inherited non-sex chromosomes?

 

22

 

 

20

 

 

23

 

 

46

 

 

Question 33

1 / 1 pts

Evolution:

 

Is responsible for the increased occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

 

 

Does not occur in human-occupied habitats

 

 

Can occur in the wild but not in the laboratory

 

 

Occurs too slowly to be observed

 

 

Question 34

1 / 1 pts

In animals, it is believed that the most common mode of speciation is:

 

Chromosomal

 

 

Allopatric

 

 

Directional

 

 

Autopolyploidy

 

 

Question 35

1 / 1 pts

The idea of punctuated equilibrium challenges which component of Darwin’s theory of evolution?

 

Steady change and species stasis

 

 

Species stasis and gradualism

 

 

Steady change and gradualism

 

 

None of these

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 36

0 / 1 pts

Adaptations shaped by natural selection:

 

May be out of date, having been shaped in the past under conditions that different from those in the present

 

 

Are magnified and enhanced through genetic drift

 

 

Represents perfect solutions to the problems posed by nature

 

 

Are unlikely to be present in humans living in industrial societies

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 37

0 / 1 pts

What happens to a zygote with the wrong number of autosomes?

 

None of these

 

 

It will develop into a male

 

 

It will develop into a female

 

 

It will likely experience a spontaneous miscarriage

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 38

0 / 1 pts

Most archaeal species:

 

are animal parasites

 

 

are beneficial to humans

 

 

are pathogenic

 

 

have yet to be discovered

 

 

Question 39

1 / 1 pts

What kind of molecule is thought to be the most likely to have been the first genetic material?

 

DNA

 

 

Carbohydrates

 

 

Protein

 

 

RNA

 

 

Question 40

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following groups would be placed nearest the fungi in an evolutionary tree based on DNA sequences?

 

Bacteria

 

 

Animals

 

 

Protists

 

 

Plants

 

 

Question 41

1 / 1 pts

Two flowers look very similar, but generally reproduce at different times during the year. One breeds in the summer and the other in the spring. Are these flowers different species?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Question 42

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is the process for sex determination in turtles?

 

Sex is determined by whether the egg carries a W or Z chromosome

 

 

Sex is determined by whether the sperm carries an X or Y chromosome

 

 

Sex is determined by the number of chromosome sets an individual possesses

 

 

Sex is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated

 

 

Question 43

1 / 1 pts

Sister chromatids are:

 

Homologous chromosomes

 

 

The result of crossing over

 

 

Identical molecules of DNA resulting from replication

 

 

Produced in meiosis but not in mitosis

 

 

Question 44

1 / 1 pts

The genetic information in all viruses is:

 

RNA

 

 

Protein

 

 

DNA

 

 

DNA or RNA

 

 

Question 45

1 / 1 pts

No karyotype has ever shown a person to have one Y chromosome and no X chromosome. Why?

 

The X chromosome contains genes that are essential for life.

 

 

Individuals are probably born with this karyotype, but have such slight phenotypic abnormalities that they live out their lives normally and are unaware of this genetic anomaly

 

 

Genes on the Y chromosome are expressed only when an X chromosome is present

 

 

A karyotype would not reveal such an abnormality

 

 

Question 46

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following refers to the unicellular stage of development

 

Baby

 

 

Embryo

 

 

Zygote

 

 

Fetus

 

 

Question 47

1 / 1 pts

Does the following explanation of the evolution of flight in bats demonstrate a proper understanding of natural selection?

Bats would be better adapted if they had wings, so gradually they developed them. Bats in each generation had better wings than their parents did.

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Question 48

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following statements about antibiotics is incorrect?

 

Penicillin was the first antibiotics widely used to fight bacterial infections

 

 

Antibiotics help microbes compete with other microbes

 

 

Antibiotics are used not just in human health care but also in agriculture

 

 

Antibiotics, though effective against viruses, are not effective against bacteria

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 49

0 / 1 pts

In a fish population in a shallow stream, the genotypic frequencies of yellowish-brown fish and greenish-brown fish changed significantly after a flash flood randomly swept away fish from the stream. This change in genotypic frequency was most likely attributable to:

 

Disruptive Selection

 

 

Directional Selection

 

 

Gene Flow

 

 

Genetic Drift

 

 

Question 50

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following statements about mutations is incorrect?

 

Most mutations are harmful or neutral for the organism in which they occur

 

 

All of these statements are correct

 

 

A mutation is any change in an organism’s DNA

 

The origin of genetic variation is mutation